generated from mwc/project_drawing
Final Drawing project
After a lot of tinkering, I think I was able to get everything working and the project was done in such a way that elements 20+ could be added at a later time (without excessive code like before). I think I learned a lot about functions and iteration in this project and while the drawing itself is not super complex, I learned a lot about functions and debugging. I am also happy that this will be something that I could possibly use in teaching chemistry.
This commit is contained in:
Chris Mekelburg
parent
9cab60784c
commit
84c1c6cc27
319
drawing.py
319
drawing.py
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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# drawing.py
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# ----------
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# By ____(you)___________
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# By Chris Mekelburg
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#
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# (Briefly describe what this program does.)
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# This program draws a Bohr model for any element from Hydrogen- Calcium (atomic #s 1-20)
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from turtle import *
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from math import sqrt
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@ -15,14 +15,16 @@ ring_2_size= ring_1_size*2 #radii of shells 2-4
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ring_3_size = ring_1_size*3
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ring_4_size = ring_1_size*4
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cycles =1 #relates to how fast the electrons move
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cycles =1 #relates to how fast the electrons move
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'''This function enables the user to pick and element and then retruns the number of
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electrons for that element'''
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def select_element():
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choice = input("Enter the element symbol for any element with atomic number 1-10. What is your element?")
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elements = ["H", "He", "Li", "Be", "B", "C", "N","O","F","Ne"]
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choice = input("Enter the element symbol for any element with atomic number 1-20. What is your element?")
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elements = ["H", "He", "Li", "Be", "B", "C", "N","O","F","Ne", "Na", "Mg", "Al", "Si", "P", "S","Cl", "Ar","K","Ca"]
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while not (choice in elements):
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print("Try again. Enter the element symbol for any element with atomic number 1-20. What is your element symbol?")
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if choice in elements:
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electron_number = elements.index(choice) + 1
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return electron_number
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@ -35,8 +37,9 @@ def return_to_center():
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goto(0,0)
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pendown()
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'''Draws the nucleus, one dot per proton As wrriten keeps the nucleus centered but
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'''Draws the nucleus, one dot per proton. As wrriten keeps the nucleus centered but
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protons are not clearly outlined, however size of nucleus is proprotional to atomic number'''
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def draw_nucleus(electron_number):
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protons=electron_number
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penup()
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@ -45,223 +48,129 @@ def draw_nucleus(electron_number):
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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for proton in range(protons):
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pencolor("Blue")
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
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right(36)
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penup()
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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pencolor("Black")
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if proton <10:
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pencolor("Blue")
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
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right(36)
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penup()
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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pencolor("Black")
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else:
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pencolor("Blue")
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE*1.75)
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right(36)
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penup()
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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pencolor("Black")
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return_to_center()
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'''This function indicates the number of rings that will form, upt ot 2 electrons will eventually
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go in ring 1 and 8 in ring 2. Has capability to have up to 4 rings if more atoms are added later. '''
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'''This function indicates the number of rings that will form. Rings is called in a later function to
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help determine where the electrons are located. '''
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def number_of_rings(electron_number):
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if electron_number < 3:
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if electron_number <= 2:
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rings = 1
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return rings
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if electron_number < 11:
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rings = 2
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return rings
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if electron_number < 18:
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if 3 < electron_number <= 10:
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rings = 2
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if 10 < electron_number <= 18:
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rings = 3
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return rings
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elif electron_number < 21:
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if 18 < electron_number <= 20:
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rings = 4
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return rings
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return rings
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'''This function draws the rings. Radius for smallest ring can be adjusted with
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variable above.'''
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variable above. This function also outputs the radius of each ring which can be called
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in a later function.'''
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def draw_ring(ring):
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radius = ring*ring_1_size
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circle(radius,360)
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penup()
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right(90)
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forward(ring_1_size)
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left(90)
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pendown()
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return_to_center()
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radius = ring*ring_1_size
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penup()
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right(90)
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forward(radius)
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left(90)
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pendown()
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pencolor("black")
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circle(radius,360)
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return radius
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def electron(radius):
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"""Assumes the turtle already has the proper heading. Draws the electron at a certain
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distance from the center and then returns the turtle to the center to draw the next
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electron.
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"""
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with restore_state_when_finished():
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pencolor("red")
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penup()
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forward(radius)
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pendown()
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
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'''This function determines how far the electrons will be from each other in each ring.'''
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def get_electron_ring_offset(ring, electron_number):
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if ring ==1:
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offset = 180
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if ring ==2:
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offset = 45
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if ring ==3:
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offset = 45
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if ring ==4: #using if instead of else here enables incorporating more elements later, after #20 ring 3 can hold more electrons
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offset = 45
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return offset
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'''This function animates the electrons and draws the appropraite number based on the
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stored electron_number'''
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'''This function determines how many electrons belong in each ring (shell) so that it can be called in a later function.'''
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def electrons_per_shell(electron_number, ring):
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if ring ==1:
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if electron_number >= 2:
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electrons_per_shelly = 2
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else:
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electrons_per_shelly = 1
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if ring ==2:
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if electron_number >=10:
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electrons_per_shelly=8
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else:
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electrons_per_shelly = electron_number - 2
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if ring == 3:
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if electron_number >=18:
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electrons_per_shelly = 8
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else:
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electrons_per_shelly = electron_number - 10
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if ring ==4:
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if electron_number >=36: #Ar
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electrons_per_shelly = 8
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else:
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electrons_per_shelly = electron_number - 18
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return electrons_per_shelly
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def draw_and_move_electrons(electron_number):
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if electron_number == 1:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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if electron_number ==2:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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if electron_number ==3:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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if electron_number ==4:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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if electron_number ==5:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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if electron_number == 6:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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if electron_number == 7:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(45)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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if electron_number == 8:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(45)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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if electron_number == 9:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(45)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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if electron_number == 10:
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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draw_nucleus(electron_number)
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'''This function draws an electron based on the radius (detemrines ring) and offset (how far apart the electrons are).'''
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def draw_electron(radius, offset):
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return_to_center()
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rings= number_of_rings(electron_number) +1 #iterates to draw each ring
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for ring in range(rings):
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draw_ring(ring)
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return_to_center()
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with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
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right(90)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_1_size)
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with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(45)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(90)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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right(180)
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electron(ring_2_size)
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#Code being run starts here
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electron_number = select_element() #sets output from select_element and stores as variable
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pencolor("red")
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penup()
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forward(radius)
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pendown()
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
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penup()
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return_to_center
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right(offset)
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electron_number = select_element() #input for which element to draw
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rings=number_of_rings(electron_number) #saves rings variable for later use
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#print(rings) helpful for troubleshooting
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#print(electron_number)
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for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
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draw_nucleus(electron_number)
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return_to_center()
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rings_range = rings + 1 #adds 1 so that range function can be used later
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with frame.rotate(0, 360):
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with restore_state_when_finished():
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for ring in range(1,rings_range): #iterates to draw each ring
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radius2 = draw_ring(ring) #saves radius of each ring for use, new value on each iteration
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offset = get_electron_ring_offset(ring,electron_number) #saves offset for later use, also new value on each iteration
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electrons_per_shelly2 = electrons_per_shell(electron_number, ring) #saves electrons per shell so it can be called down below, also new on each iteration
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#print(electrons_per_shelly2) helpful for troubleshooting
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for electron in range(electrons_per_shelly2): #iterates to draw each electron
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draw_electron(radius2, offset)
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input() #pauses function so it does not close automatically
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draw_and_move_electrons(electron_number) #draws electrons and moves them
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draw_nucleus(electron_number)
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return_to_center()
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rings= number_of_rings(electron_number) +1 #iterates to draw each ring
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for ring in range(rings):
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draw_ring(ring)
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input()
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320
drawing2.py
320
drawing2.py
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@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
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# drawing.py
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# ----------
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# By ____(you)___________
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# By Chris Mekelburg
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#
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# (Briefly describe what this program does.)
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# This program draws a Bohr model for any element from Hydrogen- Calcium (atomic #s 1-20)
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from turtle import *
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from math import sqrt
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@ -15,14 +15,16 @@ ring_2_size= ring_1_size*2 #radii of shells 2-4
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ring_3_size = ring_1_size*3
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ring_4_size = ring_1_size*4
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cycles =1 #relates to how fast the electrons move
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cycles =1 #relates to how fast the electrons move
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'''This function enables the user to pick and element and then retruns the number of
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electrons for that element'''
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def select_element():
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choice = input("Enter the element symbol for any element with atomic number 1-10. What is your element?")
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elements = ["H", "He", "Li", "Be", "B", "C", "N","O","F","Ne"]
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choice = input("Enter the element symbol for any element with atomic number 1-20. What is your element?")
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elements = ["H", "He", "Li", "Be", "B", "C", "N","O","F","Ne", "Na", "Mg", "Al", "Si", "P", "S","Cl", "Ar","K","Ca"]
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while not (choice in elements):
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print("Try again. Enter the element symbol for any element with atomic number 1-20. What is your element symbol?")
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if choice in elements:
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electron_number = elements.index(choice) + 1
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return electron_number
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@ -35,8 +37,9 @@ def return_to_center():
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goto(0,0)
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pendown()
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'''Draws the nucleus, one dot per proton As wrriten keeps the nucleus centered but
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'''Draws the nucleus, one dot per proton. As wrriten keeps the nucleus centered but
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protons are not clearly outlined, however size of nucleus is proprotional to atomic number'''
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def draw_nucleus(electron_number):
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protons=electron_number
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penup()
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@ -45,218 +48,129 @@ def draw_nucleus(electron_number):
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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for proton in range(protons):
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pencolor("Blue")
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
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right(36)
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penup()
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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pencolor("Black")
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if proton <10:
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pencolor("Blue")
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
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right(36)
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penup()
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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pencolor("Black")
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else:
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pencolor("Blue")
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dot(ELECTRONSIZE*1.75)
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right(36)
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penup()
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forward(sqrt(7.5))
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pendown()
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pencolor("Black")
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return_to_center()
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'''This function indicates the number of rings that will form, upt ot 2 electrons will eventually
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go in ring 1 and 8 in ring 2. Has capability to have up to 4 rings if more atoms are added later. '''
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'''This function indicates the number of rings that will form. Rings is called in a later function to
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help determine where the electrons are located. '''
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def number_of_rings(electron_number):
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if electron_number < 3:
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if electron_number <= 2:
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rings = 1
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return rings
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if electron_number < 11:
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rings = 2
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return rings
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if electron_number < 18:
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if 3 < electron_number <= 10:
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rings = 2
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if 10 < electron_number <= 18:
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rings = 3
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return rings
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elif electron_number < 21:
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if 18 < electron_number <= 20:
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rings = 4
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return rings
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return rings
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'''This function draws the rings. Radius for smallest ring can be adjusted with
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variable above.'''
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variable above. This function also outputs the radius of each ring which can be called
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in a later function.'''
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def draw_ring(ring):
|
||||
radius = ring*ring_1_size
|
||||
circle(radius,360)
|
||||
penup()
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
forward(ring_1_size)
|
||||
left(90)
|
||||
pendown()
|
||||
return_to_center()
|
||||
radius = ring*ring_1_size
|
||||
penup()
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
forward(radius)
|
||||
left(90)
|
||||
pendown()
|
||||
pencolor("black")
|
||||
circle(radius,360)
|
||||
return radius
|
||||
|
||||
def electron(radius):
|
||||
"""Assumes the turtle already has the proper heading. Draws the electron at a certain
|
||||
distance from the center and then returns the turtle to the center to draw the next
|
||||
electron.
|
||||
"""
|
||||
with restore_state_when_finished():
|
||||
pencolor("red")
|
||||
penup()
|
||||
forward(radius)
|
||||
pendown()
|
||||
dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
|
||||
'''This function determines how far the electrons will be from each other in each ring.'''
|
||||
def get_electron_ring_offset(ring, electron_number):
|
||||
if ring ==1:
|
||||
offset = 180
|
||||
if ring ==2:
|
||||
offset = 45
|
||||
if ring ==3:
|
||||
offset = 45
|
||||
if ring ==4: #using if instead of else here enables incorporating more elements later, after #20 ring 3 can hold more electrons
|
||||
offset = 45
|
||||
return offset
|
||||
|
||||
'''This function determines how many electrons belong in each ring (shell) so that it can be called in a later function.'''
|
||||
def electrons_per_shell(electron_number, ring):
|
||||
if ring ==1:
|
||||
if electron_number >= 2:
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly = 2
|
||||
else:
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly = 1
|
||||
if ring ==2:
|
||||
if electron_number >=10:
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly=8
|
||||
else:
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly = electron_number - 2
|
||||
if ring == 3:
|
||||
if electron_number >=18:
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly = 8
|
||||
else:
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly = electron_number - 10
|
||||
if ring ==4:
|
||||
if electron_number >=36: #Ar
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly = 8
|
||||
else:
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly = electron_number - 18
|
||||
return electrons_per_shelly
|
||||
|
||||
'''This function draws an electron based on the radius (detemrines ring) and offset (how far apart the electrons are).'''
|
||||
def draw_electron(radius, offset):
|
||||
return_to_center()
|
||||
pencolor("red")
|
||||
penup()
|
||||
forward(radius)
|
||||
pendown()
|
||||
dot(ELECTRONSIZE)
|
||||
penup()
|
||||
return_to_center
|
||||
right(offset)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
electron_number = select_element() #input for which element to draw
|
||||
rings=number_of_rings(electron_number) #saves rings variable for later use
|
||||
#print(rings) helpful for troubleshooting
|
||||
#print(electron_number)
|
||||
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
draw_nucleus(electron_number)
|
||||
return_to_center()
|
||||
rings_range = rings + 1 #adds 1 so that range function can be used later
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 360):
|
||||
with restore_state_when_finished():
|
||||
for ring in range(1,rings_range): #iterates to draw each ring
|
||||
radius2 = draw_ring(ring) #saves radius of each ring for use, new value on each iteration
|
||||
offset = get_electron_ring_offset(ring,electron_number) #saves offset for later use, also new value on each iteration
|
||||
electrons_per_shelly2 = electrons_per_shell(electron_number, ring) #saves electrons per shell so it can be called down below, also new on each iteration
|
||||
#print(electrons_per_shelly2) helpful for troubleshooting
|
||||
for electron in range(electrons_per_shelly2): #iterates to draw each electron
|
||||
draw_electron(radius2, offset)
|
||||
|
||||
input() #pauses function so it does not close automatically
|
||||
|
||||
'''This function animates the electrons and draws the appropraite number based on the
|
||||
stored electron_number'''
|
||||
|
||||
def draw_and_move_electrons(electron_number):
|
||||
if electron_number == 1:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
if electron_number ==2:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
if electron_number ==3:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
if electron_number ==4:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
if electron_number ==5:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
if electron_number == 6:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
if electron_number == 7:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(45)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
if electron_number == 8:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(45)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
if electron_number == 9:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(45)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
if electron_number == 10:
|
||||
for frame in animate(360, loop=True):
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, 359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_1_size)
|
||||
with frame.rotate(0, -359, cycles=cycles):
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(45)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(90)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
right(180)
|
||||
electron(ring_2_size)
|
||||
|
||||
#Code being run starts here
|
||||
|
||||
electron_number = select_element() #sets output from select_element and stores as variable
|
||||
|
||||
draw_nucleus(electron_number)
|
||||
return_to_center()
|
||||
|
||||
rings= number_of_rings(electron_number) +1 #iterates to draw each ring
|
||||
for ring in range(rings):
|
||||
draw_ring(ring)
|
||||
|
||||
draw_and_move_electrons(electron_number) #draws electrons and moves them
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
input()
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue